Digitization in the Real World

The Mass. Memories Road Show: A State-Wide Scanning Project

The following chapter excerpt is from the second section of Digitization in the Real World; "A Diverse Digital Landscape: Digital Collections in Public Libraries, Museums, Cultural Heritage Institutions, and Knowledge-Based Organizations." Download the entire chapter for free (PDF)   or purchase online at Amazon.com.

Access the collections here.

Author

Joanne Riley and Heather Cole (University of Massachusetts Boston)

Abstract

Running a state-wide digital history project on a shoestring budget and staffed primarily by volunteers is not only possible, but brings immeasurable rewards for the contributors, volunteers, organizers and staff while gathering priceless documentation of their communal heritage. The Mass. Memories Road Show is a public scanning project based at the University of Massachusetts Boston which partners with local communities to digitize family photographs and stories at public events with the goal of creating a digital portrait of all the 351 cities and towns in the Commonwealth. This article describes how the project works to ensure broad participation in the planning and execution of the project, as well as a detailed description of the logistics of a Road Show event, which could be replicated in other communities.

Introduction

The Mass. Memories Road Show (MMRS) is an ongoing, on-the-spot public scanning project in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, sponsored by the Joseph P. Healey Library at the University of Massachusetts Boston and Mass Humanities, the state humanities council. The MMRS documents Massachusetts people, places and events through the contributions of individuals who bring their photos and stories to be digitized at public events throughout the state. Over the next few years, the project will partner with hundreds of local organizations to visit each of the 351 communities in Massachusetts, gradually building up a self-portrait of the Commonwealth through the contributions of its residents.

Project Background

The MMRS grew out of the place-based education initiatives of the University of Massachusetts Boston’s “Massachusetts Studies Project” (MSP), which provides resources for Massachusetts teachers and students in the areas of local history, culture and environmental studies. A series of casual brainstorming sessions with librarians, MSP board members, teachers and local historians coalesced in a vision of a public history project inspired by elements of PBS’s Antiques Roadshow (people bringing their personal treasures to a local event for professional perusal) and the Library of Congress’ American Memory Project (a library organizing digitized images from a common heritage to be shared on the World Wide Web, see The Library of Congress, n.d.) The subsequent development of the MMRS project was guided by the work of Daniel Cohen and Roy Rosenzweig (2005), Stuart Lee and Kate Lindsay (2009) and by the writings of Robert Putnam and others about the nature of civic engagement. We have borrowed elements from a number of superb online digital history projects, among them the Maine Memory Network (Maine Historical Society, 2009), for its richly productive collaborations with partnering organizations across the state, The Organic City (The Organic City, n.d.) for its place-based communal storytelling approach, the Coney Island History Project (Coney Island History Project, n.d.) for its effective application of social web tools, the Charlestown Digital Story Project (UMBC Digital Story, n.d.) at UMBC for its engaging multimedia oral histories created through student-elder collaborations, the Worthington Memory Project (Worthington Public Library, 2002) for its transparent application of best practices in indexing, and Orlando Memory (Orlando Memory, n.d.) for its solicitation of public contributions to a community history project.

The MMRS project was originally designed to meet two goals: collecting digital surrogates and personal annotations of locally held primary sources that document people, places and events in Massachusetts; and developing a searchable online repository of sources that could be used for educational purposes at all levels. As the project developed, we discovered that it met another important need that has been incorporated as a key goal of the project: community building. Road Shows have turned out to be deeply engaging community events that connect people within the community to each other and to others throughout the state, and have proven to be meaningful in lasting ways to the people who contribute and to those who volunteer. At its best, the MMRS seems to generate both of the types of productive social relationships that Robert Putnam describes in Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community (Putnam, 2000); that is to say, bonding social capital (holding together people who see themselves as being similar in social identity) and bridging social capital (bringing together people who consider themselves to be “unalike” in some aspect of social identity.) In the words of a Road Show volunteer and contributor:

 “[The Road Show] brings the community together... [It] acknowledges to people that they are a part of the history-making... It brings people to understand and respect different cultures in their town through the old and new pictures... I think it is one of the great community programs to encourage the whole family to be involved.” (MMRS Letters of Support, 2008).

Since its launch in the fall of 2004, the MMRS project has organized Road Show events across the state, in the process digitizing thousands of photos and stories, collaborating with dozens of community organizations and generating the practical lessons we will share in this essay

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References

Cohen, Daniel J. and Roy Rosenzweig. (2005), Digital history: A guide to gathering, preserving and presenting the past on the web. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory.

Coney Island History Project. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www.coneyislandhistory.org/

Lee, Stuart D. and Kate Lindsay. (2009). If you build It, they will scan: Oxford University’s exploration of community collections. In EDUCAUSE Quarterly, vol 32, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010 fromhttp://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Quarterly/ EDUCAUSEQuarterlyMagazineVolum/IfYouBuildItTheyWillScanOxford/174547#TB_inline?height=400&width=630&inlineId=sidebar1&modal=false

Maine Historical Society. (2009). The Maine Memory Network, a project of the Maine Historical Society. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www.MaineMemory.net.

Mass. Memories Road Show. (2010). Mass. Memories Road Show - Your family's place in Massachusetts History. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www.massmemories.net.

MMRS Letters of Support. (2008). Letters of support submitted for MMRS nomination for NCPH Public History Award. Unpublished documents. (January, 2008).

MMRS Post-Event Participant Survey. (2009). Unpublished data.

Orlando Memory (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://dc.ocls.info/.  

Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www.bowlingalone.com/

The Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress: American memory. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html.

The Organic City. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www.theorganiccity.com/wordpress/.

UMBC Digital Story. (n.d.). Digital stories from Charlestown. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www.umbc.edu/oit/ newmedia/studio/digitalstories/ctds.php

University of Massachusetts Boston. (2006). The Mass. Memories Road Show handbook: Procedures and protocols for a public scanning project. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www.msp.umb.edu/MassMemories/handbook/MMRSHandbook.pdf.

Worthington Public Library. (2002). Worthington memory. http://www.worthingtonmemory.org/index.cfm.

METRO Grant Success Story: Waterways of New York Project

The following chapter excerpt is the last from the first section of Digitization in the Real World; "Small is Beautiful: Planning and Implementing Digitization Projects with Limited Resources."  Download the entire chapter for free (PDF)   or purchase the book at Amazon.com.

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Author

Claudia A. Perry and Thomas T. Surprenant (Queens College, CUNY)

Abstract

The concept of experiential learning is particularly useful when students are required to create database entries as part of an ongoing, real-life, online experience.  A METRO grant resulted in an opportunity to use students to create a CONTENTdm database which, with the continued software support from METRO, has continued and evolved until the present. This chapter describes the experience of both faculty and students.  Sections include the background, technical issues and implications for teaching, project procedures and workflow, successes and lessons learned, challenges and next steps.  Of particular interest is the use of out of copyright postcards and the metadata that has resulted from intensive student study and evaluation of the data contained on these cards. Those contemplating a digitization project of their own will be able to learn much about best practices, project planning, management and the advantages/disadvantages of the CONTENTdm software. 

Introduction

For many of us, hands-on learning is the best way to integrate an understanding of principles and best practices with a practical grasp of the actual challenges and learning opportunities of a project.  This is particularly true for library school graduate students seeking to expand their theoretical, technical and management skills.   As digitization is increasingly seen as a worthy endeavor for even the smallest institutions, it is worth considering the range of approaches available for gaining needed expertise, especially at the novice level.  Examining the long-term development of an integrated, semester-long, course-based approach to digitization may be of value for those seeking an inexpensive approach for the creation of small to medium-sized digital collections.

A course entitled “Introduction to Digital Imaging” was first taught at the Queens College Graduate School of Library & Information Studies (GSLIS), City University of New York (CUNY), in the Fall of 2003.  In the Spring of 2005, a year-long METRO-funded grant facilitated a co-operative project between the Rosenthal Library and the GSLIS to support student digitization of a portion of the Queens College Rosenthal Library Archives (e.g. see GSLIS, 2005-2009, Digitization projects). The project included a variety of forms and formats.  The evaluation of this valuable learning experience identified a strong need to find a single standard format that was information rich and moderate in scope, but which lent itself to more uniform metadata standards and digital specifications.  The evolving project, “Waterways of New York”, an online digital collection of historical postcards, was created in 2006, and partially supported by METRO through continued access to CONTENTdm.  It continues to be extended by GSLIS students each semester the course is taught.

Scope and Format

The most important feedback provided to our team by METRO digitization experts regarding our “Rosenthal Library Archives” initiative was the value of working with a limited number of manageable formats and a relatively focused subject area and time frame.  During the implementation of the grant a serious problem was the complexity resulting from too many different types of media, the overly wide range of subject matter, and the challenges these characteristics presented to the creation of consistent metadata.

One of the GSLIS professors, Thomas Surprenant, has an ever-expanding collection of Erie Canal and related New York State waterways antique postcards, which addressed many of the problems noted in the METRO feedback.  In particular, by selecting a single, simple, information rich format—postcards published before 1923—copyright concerns were eliminated and only a single set of digitization specifications needed to be developed.  METRO’s willingness to host the collection on their CONTENTdm server simplified selection of Dublin Core as the metadata standard, and use of a subset of the Library of Congress Thesaurus of Graphic Materials (TGM) for standardized metadata terminology (Library of Congress, 2007).   This greatly aided our ability to develop a manageable set of project-specific guidelines that could be adequately addressed by the evolving documentation.

The choice of postcards as the source medium turned out to be far more interesting to the students than was expected.  An initial option to describe the backs--as well as the front images of cards—was enthusiastically embraced by virtually all of the students and became the norm for subsequent classes.  Hand-written messages, address conventions, postmarks, trademarks and other attributes of the cards were at times as much or even more rewarding to analyze than the front images themselves.  Further, student interest in the varied aspects of architecture and activities of daily living portrayed in the postcards led to an expansion of emphasis far beyond the initial focus of the project on locks, canal boats, shipping, waterways and transportation.

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References

California Digital Library. (2009, September). “3.5 Guidelines for access and thumbnail image files.”   CDL Guidelines for Digital Images, Version 2.0.  Retrieved December 31, 2009, fromhttp://www.cdlib.org/inside/diglib/guidelines/bpgimages/

Chapman, S. (2000). Section III: Considerations for project management. In M.K. Sitts (Ed.) Handbook for digital projects:  A management tool for preservation and access. Retrieved December 30, 2009, from http://www.nedcc.org/resources/pubs.php 

Graduate School of Library and Information Studies. Queens College, CUNY.  (2005-2009). Digitization projects.  Retrieved January 3, 2010, from http://qcpages.qc.edu/GSLIS/digitization.html

Graduate School of Library and Information Studies. Queens College, CUNY.  (2006-2009). Waterways of New York V. 2.1. Retrieved January 3, 2009, from http://cdm15052.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fqcgslis_f06

JISC Digital Media. (2008, November 11). Choosing a file name.  Retrieved  September 2, 2009 from http://www.jiscdigitalmedia. ac.uk/crossmedia/advice/choosing-a-file-name/

JISC Digital Media (2008, November 14). Project management for a digitisation project. Retrieved December 31, 2009, from http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/crossmedia/advice/project-management-for-a-digitisation-project/

Library of Congress. (2007).  Thesaurus for graphic materials I. Retrieved December 31, 2009, from http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm1/

North Carolina ECHO Project.  (2007).  Project planning.  Digitization guidelines, 2007 revised edition.  Retrieved January 2, 2010, from http://www.ncecho.org/dig/guide_1planning.shtml

Smithsonian Institution.  (n.d.).  Greetings from the Smithsonian:   A postcard history of the Smithsonion Institution.  Retrieved December 31, 2009, from http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/postcard/chronology.htm

The Craft Revival Project: Library Leadership in Creating Connections Between Small Cultural Institutions

The following chapter excerpt is from the fourth section of Digitization in the Real World; "One Plus One is Greater Than Two: Collaborative Projects." Download the entire chapter for free (PDF) or purchase the complete book online at Amazon.com. 

View the collections here.

Authors

Anna R. Craft, Tim Carstens, Jason Woolf (Western Carolina University’s Hunter Library)

Abstract

The Craft Revival Project is a collaborative digital project partnering a mid-sized academic library with six small cultural heritage institutions in order to document the historic effort to revive handmade crafts in the western part of North Carolina during the late 19th century and the early 20th century.  The partnership among these diverse institutions has allowed for the creation of a product that no one of the individual institutions could have created on its own.  This article describes the benefits of the project to the partners in this collaboration including those of increased technological capacity, raised collection care standards, and increased publicity for and visibility of the institutions. It also describes lessons learned from the project including those regarding the workflow and staffing levels that are most appropriate for a collaborative project of this kind.

Introduction

The Craft Revival Project (http://craftrevival.wcu.edu) is a collaborative digital endeavor led by Hunter Library of Western Carolina University (WCU), partnered with six small cultural heritage organizations, all located in the mountains of western North Carolina. The project sprang from a successful 2004 North Carolina Exploring Cultural Heritage Online (NC ECHO) planning grant that led to four years of funding, beginning in 2005. Hunter Library’s Special Collections, Penland School of Crafts, John C. Campbell Folk School, and WCU’s Mountain Heritage Center formed the initial partnership, with the Southern Highland Craft Guild joining in 2006.  Two Cherokee organizations, the Museum of the Cherokee Indian and Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, joined the project in 2008, bringing the total number of project partners to seven. The project documents the historic effort to revive handmade crafts in the western part of North Carolina during the late 19th century and the early 20th century; this effort helped to revive mountain traditions, create networks of artisans, and boost the economy of the area. The website and associated database tell the story of this movement and the people involved in it through images, texts, and other digitized documents from the collections of the partner institutions.

The partner organizations all have holdings documenting Craft Revival history and all provide the public with access to their collections. A team based at Hunter Library oversaw the project and worked with staff coordinators at each of the associated partner organizations. Hunter Library employs approximately 45 full-time staff. Western Carolina University, part of the University of North Carolina system, is a regional comprehensive university of approximately 9,000 students.

Most of the partner organizations are quite small, some with only a single staff member to manage their archival collections. The Mountain Heritage Center (MHC), part of Western Carolina University, is a regional museum. Established in 1975, the MHC works through its collections, programs, and publications to interpret current studies of Appalachia. The other project partners are separate from WCU. The John C. Campbell Folk School was founded in 1925 in Brasstown, North Carolina, and was modeled after traditional Danish folk schools, or folkehojskoler. In its early years, the Folk School offered instruction in traditional handiwork skills such as woodcarving, weaving, dyeing, and farmwork. These traditions continue at the Folk School today, along with new and more modern courses on topics including photography, storytelling, and cooking. The Museum of the Cherokee Indian is located on the lands of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, in Cherokee, North Carolina. The Museum and its collections tell the story of the 11,000-year documented history of the Cherokees; the archives include photographs, books, and other materials associated with Cherokee history. Penland School of Crafts was originally founded as a community craft organization in 1923 in Penland, North Carolina, under the name Penland Weavers and Potters. Today Penland offers workshops in crafts including glass, metals, photography, textiles, and wood. Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual (QACM) is also located on Eastern Band lands in Cherokee, North Carolina. This cooperative craft organization was founded in 1946 to preserve and advance Cherokee arts and crafts, and this mission continues today.  QACM showcases historical and contemporary examples of Cherokee crafts and provides an outlet for members to sell their craft items. The Southern Highland Craft Guild was chartered in 1930 as the Southern Mountain Handicraft Guild, with a mission to educate people about traditional handicrafts and to market the crafts of its members. Today the Guild is located in Asheville, North Carolina and provides juried membership to over 900 artists and craftspeople in the southern Appalachian mountains.

A planning committee comprised of members from the partner institutions, Hunter Library staff, and outside advisors made technical choices early in the project’s planning. This group based many decisions on the NC ECHO Guidelines for Digitization, which recommend Dublin Core as the basic metadata standard for digital projects in North Carolina (2007). The committee chose an OCLC- hosted instance of CONTENTdm for the digital collection management system, and for controlled fields adopted several standard thesauri, including Library of Congress Subject Headings, Library of Congress Name Authority Files, and the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

Numerous collaborative digital projects are documented in the library literature, including many that focus on regional or statewide engagement. The Colorado Digitization Program, now the Collaborative Digitization Program, is one such program that has created digital projects through relationships with museums (Bailey-Hainer & Urban, 2004). Digital Past, from the North Suburban Library System in Illinois, is another example of a project that has brought together libraries and museums of various sizes (Schlumpf & Zschernitz, 2007). The Southern Oregon Digital Archives has also pursued collaborative relationships for some of their collections, including the First Nations Collection, which brings together materials documenting the indigenous peoples of southwestern Oregon and northern California (2004). The Craft Revival Project is on a smaller scale than many of these projects and as such can provide some lessons learned about the challenges and rewards associated with small-scale digitization projects.

Download the entire chapter for free (PDF) or purchase the complete book online at Amazon.com.

References

Bailey-Hainer, B., & Urban, R. (2004). The Colorado digitization program: a collaboration success story. Library Hi Tech, 22(3), 254-262. doi:10.1108/07378830410560044

Cedar Face, M. J., & Hollens, D. (2004). A digital library to serve a region. Reference and User Services Quarterly (44)2. 116-121.

NC ECHO. (2007). Guidelines for digitization [Rev. ed.]. Retrieved from http://www.ncecho.org/dig/digguidelines.shtml

Schlumpf, K, & Zschernitz, R. (2007). Weaving the past into the present by digitizing local history. Computers in Libraries, 27(3), 10-15.

 

From Confusion and Chaos to Clarity and Hope: Reorganization of Work Flows, Processes, and Delivery for Digital Libraries

The following chapter excerpt is from the third section of Digitization in the Real World; "The Digital Campus: Digitization in Universities and Their Libraries." Download the entire chapter for free (PDF)   or purchase online at Amazon.com.

View the collections here.

Author

Jody L. DeRidder (The University of Alabama Libraries)

Abstract

Digitization support within an institution may be fractured across several departments, only partially funded, and may suffer restraints imposed by delivery software which seriously hamper progress. Most digitization is undertaken with little thought for the future; the result is digital file chaos and confusion. Without clarification of file identities and relationships, preservation and migration to new systems are seriously hampered. Additionally, low funding for archival staff may preclude the creation of valuable item-level metadata. The University of Alabama Libraries leveraged the expertise available across the library to build a cross-departmental collaboration with which to face our challenges, recognizing that obstacles become opportunities for creative solutions. We are involved in a series of pilot projects to explore how to address the gap in archivist staffing to create item-level metadata. This chapter shares our discoveries and solutions.

Introduction

The first few years of most digital library initiatives are marked by 'boutique' collection development, in which the standards, organization, methodology, metadata, file names, and consistency vary considerably. At the time of my arrival at the University of Alabama in mid-2008 as head of the new Digital Services department, over thirty such digitization projects had been completed. Each collection had its own file-naming system and metadata fields, with inconsistencies throughout; nothing was standardized. Metadata in the delivery software did not retain in any predictable fashion a reference to the related archival files, and could not be exported in full. Digital Services staffing was minimal, requiring time from the Cataloging and Metadata Services for subject headings and upload, from archival staff for preparation of content and descriptions, and from Web Services to manage the interface and software support.

The scope of the task ahead was to expand heavily on the scanning staff and equipment, develop a feasible set of systematic work flows for supporting a large increase in scanning, build a cross-departmental team capable of supporting digital library development, and to create an organized and reusable set of digital content that is not dependent upon resident knowledge for continuation or restoration. Challenges included a simultaneous reduction in archivist work hours, minimal space for expansion, difficult relations between some departments, and insufficient time available from Web Services.

As in many smaller organizations, our digitization effort is tremendously dependent upon cross-departmental collaboration. Programming assistance and web delivery, metadata services, archivist expertise and a regular influx of well-chosen content are all critical to the development of our online research collections. A previous gift from EBSCO Industries to the libraries supports digitization and the development of technical infrastructure, but it does not support the processing, arranging, and description of archival collections. Our need for content creates a demand on the archivists that they simply do not have the resources to meet.

Recognizing the need for improved cross-departmental communications and teamwork, our dean (L. A. Pitschmann, personal communication, August 25, 2008) called together lead representatives (including two associate deans) from Library Technology, Web Services, Collection Development, Cataloging and Metadata Services, Special Collections and Archives, and Digital Services, to form an ongoing Digital Programs group which would meet regularly to hash out problems, develop alternatives, research opportunities and assign priorities. The creation of this group was a stroke of brilliance. By forming this framework for participation, setting forth a strategic goal and providing clear administrative support, our dean laid the groundwork for success. Given our multiple operational and relational challenges, we could only succeed by seeking solutions with the assistance of all impacted parties.

Against this backdrop we are working through four major problems: digital file chaos, the inability to reunite metadata with the archival content, software restrictions on the number of collections, and a lack of archivist time to create item-level metadata.

Download the entire chapter for free (PDF)  or purchase online at Amazon.com.

References

Boyko, A., Kunze, J., Littman, J., Madden, L. & Vargas, B. (2009). The BagIt file packaging format (V0.96). Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://www.cdlib.org/inside/diglib/bagit/ bagitspec.html

California Digital Library. (2009). Online Archive of California (OAC). Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://www.cdlib.org /inside/projects/oac/

Cheng, M., Taylor, M., Hegemann, R., Leidinger, A., Tominaga, T, Shibata, N., et al. (2009). The LAME project. Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://lame.sourceforge.net/index.php

Conway, P. (2009). The image and the expert user: a qualitative investigation of decision-making. Paper presented at Archiving 2009, Arlington VA. In Archiving 2009, Vol. 6. (pp. 142-150). Society for Imaging Sciences and Technology.

DCMI. (2009). Dublin Core metadata initiative. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://dublincore.org/

Fogel, P. (2006). CDL 7train Profile – CONTENTdm simple and complex objects in METS Metadata encoding and transmission standard. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/profiles/00000010.html

Fogel, P. & Hetzner, E. (n.d.). 7train METS Generation Tool. Copyright the University of California Regents. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://seventrain.sourceforge.net/

Google. (2009). Tesseract-ocr. Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://code.google.com/p/tesseract-ocr/

ImageMagick Studio LLC. (2009). ImageMagick. Retrieved November 14, 2009 from http://www.imagemagick.org/ script/index.php

Library of Congress. (2009a). EAD Encoded archival description (Version 2002). Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://www.loc.gov/ead

Library of Congress. (2009b). METS Metadata encoding & transmission standard. Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/

Library of Congress. (2009c). MODS metadata object description schema. Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://www.loc.gov/ standards/mods/

LOCKSS. (2008). What is the LOCKSS program? Retrieved November 14, 2009, fromhttp://www.lockss.org/lockss/Home

Loewald, T. (2009a). Acumen. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://acumen.lib.ua.edu/

 Loewald, T. (2009b). Archivists utility. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://lb-416-003.lib.ua-net.ua.edu/notes/?f= Archivist%20Utility.txt

Network of Alabama Academic Libraries. (n.d.). Alabama Mosaic. Retrieved November 14, 2009, fromhttp://www.alabamamosaic.org/

Network of Alabama Academic Libraries. (2009). The Alabama Digital Preservation Network (ADPNet). Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://www.adpn.org/

OCLC. (2009a). CONTENTdm Digital collection management software. Retrieved November 15, 2009, fromhttp://www.contentdm.com

OCLC. (2009b). FirstSearch Online reference. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/

OCLC. (2009c). Multi-site server. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/

University of Alabama Libraries. (2010a). Septimus D. Cabaniss Papers digitization project. Retrieved March 9, 2010 from http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/hoole/cabaniss

University of Alabama Libraries. (2010b). UA libraries digital services planning and documentation. Retrieved March 9, 2010 from http://www.lib.ua.edu/wiki/digcoll

W3C. (2005). XML:id Version 1.0. Retrieved November 15, 2009, from http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-id/